Escherichia coli resistant to Ciprofloxacin. Fluoroquinolones.

Ciprofloxacin works by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes essential for DNA replication, making it effective against a wide variety of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Ciprofloxacin is commonly used to treat respiratory, urinary tract, gastrointestinal, and skin infections, as well as certain types of anthrax exposure. Over the years, it has become a widely prescribed antibiotic, but concerns over its side effects, such as tendon damage and its role in promoting antibiotic resistance, have led to more cautious use in recent years, especially for less serious infections.